Israël : le système médiatique

Cet article offre une vue générale de la carte des médias d’Israël et suggère cinq étapes dans son développement :1. La période pré-étatique (jusqu’en 1948) : les médias s’enracinent dans la période du Mandat britannique, avant l’établissement de l’État d’Israël en 1948.2. La période de transition (1948-1967) : la seconde étape s’étend depuis les premières années de la formation du pays jusqu’à la guerre des Six jours.3. Le pluralisme contrôlé (1967-1986) : cette période se caractérise principalement par le renforcement d’un environnement modéré et libéral, une structure plurielle contrôlée et des arrangements divers concernant les relations entre l’institution des médias et son contexte.4. Le grand air (1987-2006) : cette quatrième étape est le reflet de la politique néo-libérale du gouvernement israélien, comme la politique du grand large : le développement accéléré des infrastructures de communications et la multiplication des signes du déclin du statut de la presse imprimée.5. La crise de la presse imprimée (2007-) : la crise mondiale de la presse imprimée affecte Israël et parallèlement les nouveaux médias se développent rapidement.The present article offers an overview of the Israeli media map, by suggesting five main stages in its development :1. Pre-State Period (until 1948) The media first struck roots in the British Mandatory period, before the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.2. The Transition Period (1948-1967) The second stage extends from the country’s initial formative years until the Six-Day War3. Controlled Pluralism (1967-1986) This period is characterized chiefly by the reinforcement of a moderate, liberal atmosphere, a controlled pluralistic structure and varied regulatory arrangements concerning reciprocal relations between the media institution and its surroundings.4. Open Skies (1987–2006) The fourth stage reflects the Israeli government’s neo-liberal policies and features extensive regulation, as well as an open-skies policy, accelerated development of telecommunications infrastructures and increasing signs of a decline in the status of the printed press.5. The printed press crisis (2007 – ) The worldwide printed press crisis, that affected Israel as well paralleling the fast growing of new medi

Programming Language Tools and Techniques for 3D Printing

We propose a research agenda to investigate programming language techniques for improving affordable, end-user desktop manufacturing processes such as 3D printing. Our goal is to adapt programming languages tools and extend the decades of research in industrial, high-end CAD/CAM in order to help make affordable desktop manufacturing processes more accurate, fast, reliable, and accessible to end-users. We focus on three major areas where 3D printing can benefit from programming language tools: design synthesis, optimizing compilation, and runtime monitoring. We present preliminary results on synthesizing editable CAD models from difficult-to-edit surface meshes, discuss potential new compilation strategies, and propose runtime monitoring techniques. We conclude by discussing additional near-future directions we intend to pursue

Reimagining Heliophysics: A bold new vision for the next decade and beyond

The field of Heliophysics has a branding problem. We need an answer to the question: ``What is Heliophysics\?'', the answer to which should clearly and succinctly defines our science in a compelling way that simultaneously introduces a sense of wonder and exploration into our science and our missions. Unfortunately, recent over-reliance on space weather to define our field, as opposed to simply using it as a practical and relatable example of applied Heliophysics science, narrows the scope of what solar and space physics is and diminishes its fundamental importance. Moving forward, our community needs to be bold and unabashed in our definition of Heliophysics and its big questions. We should emphasize the general and fundamental importance and excitement of our science with a new mindset that generalizes and expands the definition of Heliophysics to include new ``frontiers'' of increasing interest to the community. Heliophysics should be unbound from its current confinement to the Sun-Earth connection and expanded to studies of the fundamental nature of space plasma physics across the solar system and greater cosmos. Finally, we need to come together as a community to advance our science by envisioning, prioritizing, and supporting -- with a unified voice -- a set of bold new missions that target compelling science questions - even if they do not explore the traditional Sun- and Earth-centric aspects of Heliophysics science. Such new, large missions to expand the frontiers and scope of Heliophysics science large missions can be the key to galvanizing the public and policymakers to support the overall Heliophysics program

The need for focused, hard X-ray investigations of the Sun

Understanding accelerated particles at the Sun is one of the most important problems in heliophysics. Flare-accelerated particles have huge energies; are an important source of particles in the heliosphere; and are the most important corollary to other areas of high-energy astrophysics. This paper describes the scientific motivation for X-ray studies of particle acceleration at the Sun

The need for focused, hard X-ray investigations of the Sun

Understanding the nature of energetic particles in the solar atmosphere is one of the most important outstanding problems in heliophysics. Flare-accelerated particles compose a huge fraction of the flare energy budget; they have large influences on how events develop; they are an important source of high-energy particles found in the heliosphere; and they are the single most important corollary to other areas of high-energy astrophysics. Despite the importance of this area of study, this topic has in the past decade received only a small fraction of the resources necessary for a full investigation. For example, NASA has selected no new Explorer-class instrument in the past two decades that is capable of examining this topic. The advances that are currently being made in understanding flare-accelerated electrons are largely undertaken with data from EOVSA (NSF), STIX (ESA), and NuSTAR (NASA Astrophysics). This is despite the inclusion in the previous Heliophysics decadal survey of the FOXSI concept as part of the SEE2020 mission, and also despite NASA's having invested heavily in readying the technology for such an instrument via four flights of the FOXSI sounding rocket experiment. Due to that investment, the instrumentation stands ready to implement a hard X-ray mission to investigate flare-accelerated electrons. This white paper describes the scientific motivation for why this venture should be undertaken soon.Comment: White paper submitted to the Decadal Survey for Solar and Space Physics (Heliophysics) 2024-2033; 15 pages, 5 figure

The need for focused, hard X-ray investigations of the Sun

Understanding accelerated particles at the Sun is one of the most important problems in heliophysics. Flare-accelerated particles have huge energies; are an important source of particles in the heliosphere; and are the most important corollary to other areas of high-energy astrophysics. This paper describes the scientific motivation for X-ray studies of particle acceleration at the Sun